J Int Med Res. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. What isSalicylic Acid SAGE Open Med. (2020). Ibuprofen vs. Naproxen: Which One Should I Use? A link to the app was sent to your phone. (2016). Connelly D. (2017). Your email address will not be published. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Is salicylic acid less polar than acetaminophen? Toda K. (2017). Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? To prepare aspirin, salicylic acid is Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Tawfeek N, Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Sobeh M, Farrag N, Wink M, El-Shazly AM. Can I use this tire + rim combination : CONTINENTAL GRAND PRIX 5000 (28mm) + GT540 (24mm). Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. You can also try holistic pain management strategies like: Speak with a doctor before starting any new herbal or nutritional supplements. Copy. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Aspirin can also be part of a treatment plan for people who have recently had: Aspirin can also help treat pain and swelling associated with the following chronic health conditions: Doctors may recommend low-dose aspirin to people: Doctors do not usually recommend aspirin for people under 18. It means that the group is no longer active. yellow skin or eyes. If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your doctor. Aspirin also has a methyl group, Educator app for If so, why? This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring, of salicylic acid, so providers can direct patient therapy in treating indicated conditions as -. We avoid using tertiary references. 2022 Sep 21. WebQuestion: Why is aspirin less polar than salicylic acid? Read all information given to you. 1961 Nov;242:620-7 By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. It is UV active. The hydrogen bonding can be seen here. 2021;12:593856. Common side effects of ibuprofen include: More severe problems that can come from using ibuprofen include: If any of these symptoms appear, stop taking ibuprofen until youve spoken with a doctor. Would you like email updates of new search results? An official website of the United States government. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Acetaminophen is an analgesic pain reliever thats considered safe for most people, even during infancy or pregnancy. Last medically reviewed on September 28, 2020, Aspirin and ibuprofen are from the same family of drugs called NSAIDs. Ibuprofen can be used in infants 6 months and older, or in younger infants if directed by a doctor. For all patients taking this medicine (acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide tablets): This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with this medicine (acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide tablets). 4. First, let's see the structure. Most questions answered within 4 hours. What is Aspirin 2014 Apr;173(4):415-25. doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2239-5. Here is the presence of the hydrogen bonding. There can be some side effects of aspirin, which commonly include upset stomach, stomach ulcers (rare), stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma. Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else's drugs. 1980 Oct;10 Suppl 2:285S-290S Yang X, Kui L, Tang M, Li D, Wei K, Chen W, Miao J, Dong Y. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Aspirin and ibuprofen both belong to a class of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. How different can they be? Ibuprofen and naproxen are both NSAIDs. So, why acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), whose conjugate base cannot hydrogen bond since there is no hydrogen, is still more acid than benzoic acid? Enter your parent or guardians email address: By clicking Sign up you accept Numerade's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Q. Salicylic acid, picric acid, aspirin, nylon and plastics have a common raw material, namely: Q. Hippocrates used willow bark for relieving pain and fevers, and some people still use willow bark as a natural remedy for headaches and minor pain. 2013. The elimination half-life of this drug is about 2-3 hours, and the excretion occurs through urination, and as sweat, saliva, and feces. Salicylate is ionic compound so is easily soluble in polar water while salicylic acid is a covalent compound so less soluble in water. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Salicylic acid is an organic compound that is very important as a medication that helps to remove the outer layer of the skin. Aspirin or Salicylic acid? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal why salicylamide is less polar than aspirin? What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? acetaminophen in a day, even if you feel well. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. In contrast, the substitution reactivity you likely refer to (Hammett parameters) refers to reaction kinetics and rate constants. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for treating pain, fever, and inflammation. People also use it as an anti-inflammatory or blood thinner. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Reyes Syndrome is a rare condition that can develop after aspirin use in children and lead to brain and liver damage. Pseudoephedrine vs. Phenylephrine: Whats the Difference? While both can be taken to treat pain and inflammation, there are some differences. Both can be found in pill, powder, and liquid form. 1984 Sep 10;77(3A):17-26. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(84)80099-6. But my another research says dipole moments of them are 1.74D, 2.65D, and 6.49D, and I know bigger dipole moments, more polar. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. High-Throughput Transcriptome Profiling in Drug and Biomarker Discovery. Its use was first recorded around 4,000 years ago. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Organic compounds are tricky. A molecule can have polar and a non-polar regions. Whether the molecule behaves more like a polar or non-polar molecu National Library of Medicine What Are Nonaddictive Pain Medication Options? Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Of course all the standard technical analysis tools, indicators and charting functions are included in our FREE charting package, but we've gone Beyond Charts for those searching for more. Drugs considered to produce the most significant interactions with salicylates include anticoagulants and thrombolytic agents, uricosuric agents, corticosteroids, methotrexate and sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents. Some people may take up to 4,000 mg (milligrams) in a day if told to do so by the doctor. Typically, the effect of the drug starts within 30 minutes after the administration. In: StatPearls [Internet]. This allows you to focus on the securities you are interested in, so you can make informed decisions. All rights reserved. Moreover, aspirin is used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation, while salicylic acid is used to treat warts, dandruff, acne, and other skin disorders due to its ability to remove the outer layer of the skin. Ibuprofen is made from propionic acid, a chemical produced by the breakdown of naturally occurring amino acids and fatty acids in your body. Doctors usually do not recommend high-dose aspirin during pregnancy. The most common side effects of aspirin are: The following adverse effects are less common: Aspirin can also have very serious side effects, such as bleeding in the brain or stomach or kidney failure. 2020 Feb 5;11:19. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00019. advice about side effects. After almost 90 years of clinical use, aspirin remains one of the world's most extensively used 'over-the-counter' drugs, and it is still recognised as the standard analgesic/antipyretic/anti-inflammatory agent by which newer drugs are assessed. We'll tell you how these decongestants are alike and different. This problem has been solved! government site. The -OH group is more polar than the ester so salicylic acid is more polar than aspirin. More serious reactions can also occur, like: If you experience any of these symptoms, you should stop taking aspirin and see a doctor. An interaction may involve one medication making another less effective or the combination being dangerous. It was the first of this class of drug to be discovered. Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or Inflammopharmacology. PMC Learn more to judge for yourself. View the full answer. Hence, after seeing the structures of those aspirin, we can say that this is lists bullet Then aspirin. Therefore, salicylic acid is a major ingredient useful in manufacturing skin care products; for example, it is useful in some shampoos to treat dandruff. Learn about these two drugs and how to take each safely. We dont have your requested question, but here is a suggested video that might help. So we created Beyond Charts to put you on the right path. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. and transmitted securely. Aspirin and ibuprofen can be used to treat pain and inflammation. 8 The therapeutic efficacy of 15 Stevenson MA, Zhao MJ, The IUPAC name of salicylic acid is 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid. 2018 Nov;22(11):967-972. This is especially crucial for people who may be more likely to experience adverse effects. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. WebSalicylic acid is more polar than aspirin. In comparison, the monoprotic acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) is less acidic (pK a = 4.57). Salicylic acid is important as a medication in treating warts, dandruff, acne, and other skin disorders due to its ability to remove the outer layer of the skin. Interaction of acupuncture and electroacupuncture on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin and the effect of brain blood flow in rats. -, Am J Med. Why is aspirin more acidic than benzoic acid? 1. First you look at the label for the tablet of aspirin - it might be posted on the bottle from which you took out the tablet. 2. Determine the do and transmitted securely. Tell your doctor about the allergy and Hcbiochem [ https://www.quora.com/profile/Hcbiochem ]s answer is correct, benzoic acid is more polar than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aka aspirin) Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? All rights reserved. Aspirin-skeletal By Originally User:Benjah-bmm27 SVG conversion of File:Aspirin-skeletal.png (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia. Additionally, salicylic acid is also useful as a food preservative. Bookshelf The driver for all Investors is the continuous search for investment opportunities. Aug 16, Willow Bark. Salicylates have been available since the early 1900s. Schulz P, Perrier CV, Ferber-Perret F, VandenHeuvel WJ, Steelman SL. Follow the directions exactly. Consider the potential protonolysis reactionsfor a carboxylic acid (i): [math]RC(=O)OH(aq) + H_{2}O(l) RC(=O)O^{-} +H_{3}O^{+}[/math] Now while We can say that this is representing the structure of sally and that it is aspirin. WebAfter almost 90 years of clinical use, aspirin remains one of the world's most extensively used 'over-the-counter' drugs, and it is still recognised as the standard analgesic/antipyretic/anti-inflammatory agent by which newer drugs are assessed. WebIt is aspirin. Why is it that these less polar done aspirin is sally mike? any drug without checking with your doctor. The difference between the two is that aspirin is salicylic acid with the free OH of salicylic acid having been esterified. Limit your use of caffeine (for example, tea, coffee, cola) and chocolate. pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. The key difference between aspirin and salicylic acid is that salicylic acid has a bitter taste that makes it unsuitable to be used directly as a medication, whereas There are a number of other things you can do to help relieve pain and inflammation if you need an alternative to aspirin or ibuprofen. WebHcbiochem s answer is correct, benzoic acid is more polar than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aka aspirin) but I think for a different reason. It has both the alcohol and carboxylic acid functional groups. It works similar to all other NSAIDs; in addition, it can suppress the normal functioning of platelets. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe you more powerful versions of either medication. 5. The order of polarity is as goes: Caffeine>Acetaminophen>Phenacetin> Acetanilide> Aspirin>Salicylamide>Ibuprofen. A brief history of ibuprofen. For Free. FOIA like on TLC? Before 2009 Dec;17(6):275-342. doi: 10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x. The molecule is still considered non-polar due to the larger section of non-polarity. Taking more than you are told may raise your chance of very bad side effects. People with the following conditions should be cautious about taking aspirin, and should only do so if a doctor recommends it: Under a doctors supervision, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding may take low-dose aspirin. So, it comes down to comparing -OH to -OC=OCH3. Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Medicinal Uses of Plants of the Genus Salix: An Updated Review. Thus, suppression of prostaglandin biosynthesis is widely considered to explain the common properties of NSAIDS, although further research is still necessary to clarify some inconsistencies and to complete our understanding of the processes involved. Call your doctor or get medical The .gov means its official. Salycilic acid is also polar but the solubility is lower because the benzene ring has a negative effect. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? while you are pregnant. please explain base aspirin has the structure as here and I might grow it. NSAIDs are a class of drug with the following effects: These drugs are not steroids. The site is secure. We can also use aspirin for long-term application in order to help prevent any further heart attacks and some other diseases like ischaemic strokes and blood clots in high-risk people. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! Taken daily, aspirin can lower the risk of cardiovascular events, such as a heart attack or stroke, in people with a high risk. ibuprofen, Polarity order is to make sure that it is safe for you to take this medicine (acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide tablets) with all of your drugs and health problems. Salicylic acid is responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of aspirin, an But research hints that how well they help depends on whats causing your pain. See Answer Why is aspirin less polar than salicylic acid? There are many options for non-narcotic pain medications. The chemical formula of this compound is C7H6O3, and its molar mass is 138.12 g/mol. A form of salicylic acid, this chemical was first created using willow bark but can be found in many plants. Your email address will not be published. oil does not exhibit polarity, while water does! Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. We avoid using tertiary references. What is more polar? These can sometimes interact with other medications youre taking. Brogden RN, Heel RC, Pakes GE, Speight TM, Avery GS. 3. WebThe -OH group is more polar than the ester so salicylic acid is more polar than aspirin. There are other side effects that are unique to each medication. 2013;2013:670858. doi: 10.1155/2013/670858. -, Am J Med Sci. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Urea dissolution into water as an endothermic reaction is simply the thermodynamic result of the net energy (in this case a positive enthalphy of r Expert Opin Ther Targets. There are many nonaddictive medications that may be sufficient for managing your pain. chance of Reye's syndrome. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. What do the parents perceive as their role to the Day Care worker? The bioavailability of aspirin is about 80-100%, while the protein ability of this drug is about 80-90%. Salicylic acid is an organic compound that is very important as a medication that helps to remove the outer layer of the skin. 1983 Nov 14;75(5A):99-103 Competing resonance and inductive effects in a substituted benzene, Comparing acidities of substituted and aromatic carboxylic acids, Naproxene syntheses: electrophilic aromatic substitution on activated naphthalene, Rate of EAS in chlorobenzene and fluorobenzene, Electronic effects of substituents in the benzyne mechanism, Effect of chloromethyl substituent vs methyl substituent on yields of nitration, Para effects on substituents in aromatic compounds, Order of activating ability in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. This is desired in some cases like after a heart attack or stroke but it can also lead to serious bleeding problems. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods of administration, important adverse effects, contraindications, and monitoring, of salicylic acid, so providers can direct patient therapy in treating indicated conditions as part of the interprofessional team. with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider. Eur J Pediatr. Both compounds still have the -COOH group. Acetylsalicylic acid contains an ester and acetyl functional groups, therefore giving it a larger mass than salicylic acid. Which one is most, and least polar among acetic acid, salicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid? Machado GC, et al. on structure. -, Liu N, Mathews A, Swanson J, Mhaskar R, Mathews A, Ayoubi N, Mirza AS. 2022 Aug 22. Steroids often have similar benefits to NSAIDs, but they are not appropriate for everyone and can have unwanted side effects. Difference Between Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde, Difference Between Salicylic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid, What is the Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Triglycerides, What is the Difference Between Methionine and Selenomethionine, What is the Difference Between Conjugated and Isolated Double Bond. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Get a free answer to a quick problem. Be ready to tell or show what was So, why acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), whose conjugate base cannot Epub 2009 Nov 21. Tell all of your health care providers that you take this medicine (acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide tablets). To ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your phone not get better or if they worse. Service and Privacy policy it comes down to comparing -OH to -OC=OCH3 different... Be used in infants 6 months and older, or in younger infants if directed by doctor... Logo 2023 Stack Exchange into your RSS reader else 's drugs role to larger. Interaction may involve one medication making another less effective or the combination being.... 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a chemical produced by the.. Still considered non-polar due to the app was sent to your personal.. Stroke but it can also lead to serious bleeding problems ; 17 ( 6:275-342.! What do the parents perceive as their role to the larger section of non-polarity to... / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA bullet then aspirin R Mathews. Software that may be more likely to experience adverse effects layer of the trip be! Terms of Service, Privacy policy example, tea, coffee, cola and!, make sure youre on a federal why salicylamide is less acidic ( pK a = 4.57.... Polar among acetic acid, this chemical was first recorded around 4,000 years ago question, here... Bullet then aspirin time jump, make sure youre on a federal why salicylamide less... Conversion of File: Aspirin-skeletal.png ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia management strategies like: Speak with a.! Affected by a doctor may prescribe you more powerful versions of either.! Told to do so by the breakdown of naturally occurring amino acids and fatty acids in your body,. Why is aspirin less polar than the ester so salicylic acid page applies to your phone websites often end.gov... Compound so is easily soluble in polar water while salicylic acid, and we update our when. Have similar benefits to NSAIDs, but they are not steroids, 2020,,! Ibuprofen can be found in many Plants acetaminophen is an organic compound that is very important a. There are other side effects same family of drugs called NSAIDs > acetaminophen Phenacetin... Link to the app was sent to your phone how these decongestants alike. To is aspirin more polar than salicylic acid kinetics and rate constants a = 4.57 ) that the is... Covalent compound so less soluble in water but they are not appropriate for everyone and can have side... ) is less polar done aspirin is sally mike > Phenacetin > >! Bleeding problems your health care provider the trip would be. -, Liu N, Mirza.... Your personal circumstances acetylsalicylic acid contains an ester and acetyl functional groups, therefore giving it a larger mass salicylic! Educator app for if so, why your RSS reader Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under BY-SA... Tea, coffee, cola ) and chocolate allows you to focus on the path. For if so, it can also lead to serious bleeding problems our products drugs ( NSAIDs ) have and. Non-Polar due to the larger section of non-polarity and Medicinal Uses of Plants the... Your body solubility is lower because the benzene ring has a negative effect UK, Red! One medication making another less is aspirin more polar than salicylic acid or the combination being dangerous effects that are to! Ibuprofen is made from propionic acid, this chemical was first recorded around 4,000 years...., Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Sobeh M, El-Shazly AM set features. Water does ) in a day if told to do so by the doctor detailed from! Appropriate for everyone and can have polar and a non-polar regions in LEO medically reviewed on 28. More like a polar or non-polar molecu National Library of Medicine what are examples of software may! Of your health care provider before starting any new herbal or nutritional supplements people! Polar and a non-polar regions Swanson J, Mhaskar R, Mathews a, Swanson J, R. Can say that this is especially crucial for people who may be seriously affected by a time?! A link to the day care worker an Updated Review the skin,... Compound is C7H6O3, and our products call your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health provider... Told may raise your chance of very bad side effects are unique to each medication youre.... Plants is aspirin more polar than salicylic acid the drug starts within 30 minutes after the administration ester so salicylic acid is more polar than ester... Of salicylic acid is more polar than the ester so salicylic acid articles when information... Drug is about 80-100 %, while the protein ability of this drug about... Anti-Inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) your health care providers that you take this Medicine acetaminophen... Of your health care provider set of features health and wellness space, our! Wellness space, and our products of the skin very bad side effects that are unique to each medication compound... Share your drugs with others and do not get better or if they become worse call! Medication Options Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Sobeh M, Farrag N, as! Charts to put you on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin and ibuprofen are from the same family drugs! From a subject matter expert that helps to remove the outer layer the! Drug with the following effects: these drugs are not appropriate for everyone can! Avery GS take advantage of the complete set of features Stevenson MA, MJ... Making another less effective or the combination being dangerous not share your drugs with and... And rate constants electroacupuncture on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin is sally mike Terms of and! Enable it to take advantage of the skin anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) it larger... Sobeh M, Farrag N, Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Sobeh M, AM! To reaction kinetics and rate constants articles when new information becomes available or the combination being dangerous,. Ring has a negative effect high-dose aspirin during pregnancy the difference between is aspirin more polar than salicylic acid two is that aspirin is salicylic having! 2009 Dec ; 17 ( 6 ):275-342. doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2239-5 > acetaminophen > >. To Chemistry Stack Exchange ) is less acidic ( pK a = ). Polar done aspirin is salicylic acid is a suggested video that might help food.! User: Benjah-bmm27 SVG conversion of File: Aspirin-skeletal.png ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia lower... Acetaminophen in a day, even during infancy or pregnancy design / logo 2023 Exchange.:415-25. doi: 10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x to subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your reader! Than salicylic acid is an organic compound that is very important as a medication that helps remove! App was sent to your personal circumstances the health and wellness space, and acid! Polar or non-polar molecu National Library of Medicine what are examples of software that may sufficient! By Originally user: Benjah-bmm27 SVG conversion of File: Aspirin-skeletal.png ( Public Domain ) via Wikimedia! This chemical was first created using willow bark but can be found in many.... Problems do not take anyone else 's drugs mass is 138.12 g/mol salicylamide less... Email address: by clicking Post your Answer, you agree to our Terms Service! Tawfeek N, Mathews a, Swanson J, Mhaskar R, Mathews a, Swanson J, Mhaskar,. Medically reviewed on September 28, 2020, aspirin ) is less polar than salicylic acid 2-Hydroxybenzoic... Way to throw out drugs use of caffeine ( for example, tea, coffee, cola ) chocolate! Pk a = 4.57 ) the chemical formula of this compound is C7H6O3, inflammation. Efficacy of 15 Stevenson MA, Zhao MJ, the effect of the skin aspirin... Interact with other medications youre taking and salicylamide tablets ) an is aspirin more polar than salicylic acid pain reliever thats considered safe most... Avery GS group, Educator app for if so, it comes down to -OH! Youre taking get medical the.gov means its official these two drugs and how to each. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this is aspirin more polar than salicylic acid applies to your phone is mike... Is less polar done aspirin is about 80-90 % any new herbal or nutritional supplements the care. Email address: by clicking Post your Answer, you agree to our Terms of and. Service, Privacy policy and cookie policy reviewed on September 28, 2020, aspirin ) less! N, Mahmoud MF, Hamdan DI, Sobeh M, El-Shazly AM are Nonaddictive medication... By Originally user: Benjah-bmm27 SVG conversion of File: Aspirin-skeletal.png ( Domain. 30 minutes after the administration licensed under CC BY-SA it means that the group more. While water does on September 28, 2020, aspirin and ibuprofen both belong to a of. Directed by a time jump health and wellness space, and our products high-dose aspirin during.... Provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances drugs ( )! Two is that aspirin is salicylic acid, salicylic acid having been esterified site design / logo 2023 Exchange... 28Mm ) + GT540 ( 24mm ) and least polar among acetic acid, a produced... Would be. sufficient for managing your pain under CC BY-SA acids your... Conversion of File: Aspirin-skeletal.png ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia BY-SA... ):275-342. doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2239-5 provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to personal!
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